Anti-Intellectualism in American Life by Richard Hofstadter

Style has more to do with the way in which ideas are believed than with the truth or falsity of their content.

But nothing really prevents a sound program or demand from being advocated in the paranoid style. Of course this term is pejorative, and it is meant to be the paranoid style has a greater affinity for bad causes than good. It is the use of paranoid modes of expression by more or less normal people that makes the phenomenon significant. In fact, the idea of the paranoid style as a force in politics would have little contemporary relevance or historical value if it were applied only to men with profoundly disturbed minds. I have neither the competence nor the desire to classify any figures of the past or present as certifiable lunatics. In using the expression “paranoid style” I am not speaking in a clinical sense, but borrowing a clinical term for other purposes.

I call it the paranoid style simply because no other word adequately evokes the sense of heated exaggeration, suspiciousness, and conspiratorial fantasy that I have in mind. But behind this I believe there is a style of mind that is far from new and that is not necessarily right-wing. In recent years we have seen angry minds at work mainly among extreme right-wingers, who have now demonstrated in the Goldwater movement how much political leverage can be got out of the animosities and passions of a small minority. American politics has often been an arena for angry minds. Intellect evaluates evaluations, and looks for the meanings of situations as a whole.It had been around a long time before the Radical Right discovered it-and its targets have ranged from “the international bankers” to Masons, Jesuits, and munitions makers. He states: “Intelligence will seize the immediate meaning in a situation and evaluate it. As Hofstadter describes, intelligence is utilizing ideas in a practical way, while intellect is about developing, challenging, and evolving the ideas themselves. Rather, anti-intellectualism distinguishes the concept of knowledge between intellect and intelligence, and heavily favors the latter. Unreflective instrumentalism: belief that the pursuit of theory and knowledge is unnecessary unless it can be wielded for practical means (e.g., profit).Īnti-intellectualism is not, contrary to popular belief, a result of a lack of education or hostility towards acquiring knowledge. Populist anti-elitism: rejection of elite institutions as well as those categorized within the social and/or intellectual 'elite' (e.g., professors, old-money politicians) Religious anti-rationalism: rejection of reason, logic, and fact in favor of emotions, morals, and religious absolutes

Anti-Intellectualism in American Life by Richard Hofstadter